http://www.theindychannel.com/news/grand-jury-will-decide-if-parents-to-blame-for-baby-s-death (accessed October 28, 2013). 8 month old Brandon and 2 year old Kent Schaible died because of faith healing “The day before Swezey died, elders from the church came to the Swezey home, prayed for him, and anointed him with olive oil. BBC. What is Healing through Faith? They believed unto death. Messianic Vision, Inc. is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. She passed away.” Another one of these three women attended a UK church that is under the jurisdiction of TB Joshua, a famous healing evangelist in Nigeria. No one can say “they were not healed because they didn’t believe,” because they believed unto death. Faith healing may involve prayer, a visit to a house of prayer or shrine, or just a strong belief in a Supreme Being. Sometimes the faith may reside in a particular place, which then becomes the focus of pilgrimages for the sufferers. For example, the famous televangelist Peter Popoff (who was discredited as a fraud, but is again active on Christian television) is known for getting his followers to throw away their medications on stage as an exercise of faith. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. “Faith Healing.” American Cancer Society. I wasn’t really offering, but sure, I wouldn’t mind providing some basic grammatical editing if that would be what you wanted. “Kuhlman Tested by MD Probe.” Pittsburg Post Gazette . “Indiana Couple Sentenced in Baby’s Death.” ICSA. First, faith is defined asacongruenceofbelief,trust,andobedienceinrelationtoGod or the divine. So yes, I happen to be a little skeptical of “faith healers” and yes, I think it’s prudent that ‘faith’ should not be blind. The couple’s seven surviving children are in foster care.” The father stated that “We believe in divine healing, that Jesus … died on the cross to break the devil’s power” his 43-year-old wife said that “we pray and ask to be healed the way that Jesus did when he was on Earth.” And as often heard in hypercharismatic congregations, the “The Schaibles’ pastor, Nelson Clark, has said the couple lost their sons because of a “spiritual lack” in their lives.” (3), He was “was wrapped in sheets and held by his hands and feet while members of the Faith Temple Church of the Apostolic Faith… prayed over him.” They did this because the boy had Autism which ”causes children to have severe problems relating to, and communicating with, people around them.” The pastor said “[We] didn’t do nothing wrong… We did what the Book of Matthew said… all we did is ask God to deliver him.” (4), Kara “died after her parents prayed for healing rather than seek medical help for a treatable form of diabetes… an ailment that left her with too little insulin in her body, and she had probably been ill for about 30 days, suffering symptoms like nausea, vomiting, excessive thirst, loss of appetite and weakness… [the parents] believed the key to healing was ‘it was better to keep praying. “Grand Jury Will Decide If Parents To Blame For Baby’s Death.” RTV6. During a crusades ”one woman who was said to have been cured of spinal cancer threw away her brace and ran across the stage at Kuhlman’s command; her spine collapsed the next day, according to Dr. Nolen she died four months later.” (16) This woman would have lived much longer had shes not taken of her brace and broken her spine. An official report of the case concluded that “Family members were aware that Zach was seriously ill prior to his death” and were “also aware that Zach was going to die before his death; yet there was no effort, at any time, to obtain medical assistance.” (8), “She could fit inside two cupped hands. I already asked my girlfriend she said it’s cool. Some will seem a bit peculiar or random, but those of you who have experienced dramatic healings in the past will definitely find them familiar: Emotional discharge. God will heal her. http://www.icsahome.com/view_document.asp?ID=33112 (accessed October 28, 2013). You will get exactly what you have faith to believe. In most cases, the underlying illness goes untreated and heals naturally, or kills you. Many Pentecostal and Charismatic churches advocate the use of modern medicine, and teach members to turn to God when all else fails. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3179789.stm (accessed October 28, 2013). If you’re volunteering, I might just take you up on that offer. The term has become synonymous with any non-medically based cure. With a lot of luck, there is a placebo effect. God initiates through the Holy Spirit higher beings to help and heal you in your problems. New, updated. The faith healers. Our approach to healing and positive change, God’s way through forgiveness if involving someone else or removing the spirits holding the traumatic memories in place, bringing positive change utilize precise way of ministering that clears the effects of trauma gently and painlessly. These researchers estimated that if conventional treatment had been given, the survival rate for most of these children would have been more than 90 percent, with the remainder of the children also having a good chance of survival.” A second study, more recent, found even more cases, this “recent study found that more than 200 children had died of treatable illnesses in the United States… because their parents relied on spiritual healing rather than conventional medical treatment.” (22). Randi, James. I eagerly sought sermons out on the internet to bolster my deeply emotional and meaningful faith. I totally get it, and I understand why it can be challenging to talk about this without offending one another. The other possibility is that faith healing did not play a role at all. “Experts told police that Michael was a hemophiliac who would have survived had his parents taken him to a hospital for treatment.” (10), This little girl was “born at the couple’s home” and suffered unto death ”from an infection typically treated with antibiotics” because her parents “chose to pray over their dying newborn daughter rather than seek medical care for her.” According to experts “Rhianna would be alive today if not for the actions and inactions of her parents” (11), She was a 12 year old girl with “long blonde hair, always had the long braids, who loved riding her pink bike.” She died because she “had a treatable medical condition and the parents did not provide adequate and necessary medical care.” This is another case from the Church of the First Born which on their website cites a verse from James in the Bible as influential in their doctrine: “If any be sick, call for the elders of the church. She had a softball-sized cyst on her neck that may have interfered with her breathing and swallowing, then contracted a blood infection and pneumonia.” Fortunately her faith healer father was sentenced to prison because he “treated his dying 15-month-old daughter with faith healing rather than taking her to a doctor.” (13), This 16 year old listened to the zealous indoctrination of his parents and church and put his trust in faith not doctors. Notably, Kuhlman, though beloved by many, did not ever present real evidence for her healings. Psychologists of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the positive and negative effects of this coping style. How do we deal with this negative reality? He had detested medical doctors and persuaded his members to avoid the doctors as well. “Catherine Schaible, Charged In Faith-Healing Death, Released On Bail.” The Huffington Post. “10 Failed Attempts To Heal Children With Faith.” Listverse. Many of the cases above were tied to particular churches or denominations that have had numerous deaths in their past. 100 Reasons Why I Kissed Halloween Conspiracy Theories Goodbye, Facebook & Religion – We all have a Persecution complex, “Biblical” – the most abused term in the english language, Guardians vs Explorers: Firing of Epistemological Guns, Bible psychology, an erroneous view of the mind. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/23/catherine-schaible-bail_n_3486441.html (accessed October 28, 2013). Does anyone look over your article before you post? Trauma and tragedy can challenge conceptions of God as all-loving and protective. Eventually Hobart himself died in 1984. And here is the saddest part of this dark tale, all of these people had incredible faith. The same is true of drug placebo effects, of course. (2) God did not, and she died as a result of that supernaturally inspired fracture. Dr. Nolan’s research concluded that every single person was still sick, if not worse. The typos are mostly minor and do not detract from the content in a big way, but sometimes they can interrupt the flow of the reading. Hobart Freeman, who was the founder and pastor of the Glory Barn… blamed his own son-in-law for a lack of faith in the death of his own grandchild. Then “when one usher offered to seek medical aid for Peppard, witnesses said Hinn stopped the usher and said, “Leave her alone. Here is the most important thing: faith healing is defined as "faith in God" having a healing effect. Notably Arnott has ties to leaders like Bill Johnson of Bethel church and Jesus Culture music. Yet it does work. http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/faith-healing (accessed October 28, 2013). This lady believed it. “Timeline from the Past to the Present – Part 3.” Clunette.com. Prayer, in particular, can reduce high blood pressure that is due to stress. (15), The famous Kathryn Kuhlman, who is surprisingly accepted by most mainstream Pentecostals and Charismatics held numerous healing crusades in the 60’s and 70’s. Unfortunately, religious beliefs may also undermine healing during stressful times. The source of Faith Healing is God. “Oregon couple pleads guilty, receives probation in ‘faith healing’ death of teen son.” NY Daily News. In this healing process negative effects – as it comes from God – are impossible. There have been several reports from people dying because their church and groups went on to tell them that they have been healed of their diseases and that stops them from taking their medications. His faith stance touched 97  people directly, they died! Let me know if you want my humble services. Here are some horrific examples of preventable deaths that were caused by foolish religious teaching, where the innocent believed in faith healing so much that they died to proving it. To exemplify religiously sanctioned affirmation of such a connection, selected passages This practice of adopting spiritual/faith healing was more common in rural population (n=493 62.56%). The Science of Faith Healing. They had been convicted of involuntary manslaughter after their 2-year-old son, Kent, died of pneumonia in 2009. Yet where there is good, there is also a dark side, and that is what I’d like to bring to attention, because it’s important. Unfortunately his family belongs to a church that believes in faith healing rather than medicine. Your faith can work against you. Yet their faith was devoid of Christian wisdom. TB Joshua is constantly upheld by charismatic leaders including John Arnott of the Toronto Blessing movement. Stories like these, where attempted faith healing leads to injury or death, rather than life, are plenty. > Q: How does faith healing operate? There are many other such lists and websites chronicling hundreds upon hundreds of people who died as a direct result of placing all their faith in miraculous healing, rather than trying modern medicine. Leading researchers have split religious coping into two categories: positive religious coping and negative religious coping. In a Nightline expose Benny Hinn was accused of this as well. The types of healing available from faith healers also range from more modest cures to seemingly miraculous recoveries. Spontaneous healing does occur, even with common problems like ringworm. So how do we navigate this dissonance? “They Watched Him Die 19 Hours Of Agony Affidavit: As. And if you are feeling stressed, you can use the lamp to release negative ions to help calm your nerves. And the two ways to activate your faith is by the power of your spoken words and by activating your faith,or putting action behind your faith-filled words. Prosecutors said she had a treatable infection, but that her parents never sought medical care.” Instead the parents simply allowed their little girl to die because they “belong to the General Assembly and Church of the First Born… and commonly turn to prayer instead of modern medicine.” (9), “It took nearly 19 hours for little Dean… to bleed to death from a small wound on his foot.” His father said he knew the danger but “it was a condition he left in God’s hands.” He called the pastor “of the Faith Tabernacle Congregation” to “anoint the child.” However, this faith healing did not work and little Dean bled to death. Let them pray over him, anointing him with oil, in the name of the Lord.” (12), This little girl died “while church member gathered around her for prayer, “laying on of hands,” anointing her in oil and administering small amounts of wine. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818 (accessed October 28, 2013). Age: 16 Gladstone, Oregon. “Faith Preacher Hobart Freeman Dies” by Steven Lawson, “Faith for Healing” by Hobart E. Freeman, Faith Ministries and Publications, Warsaw IN page 11. (2008) discovered that those who doubt are likely to experience more depression and anxiety. “Death by Faith.” Come Let Us Reason. I’m a tiny personal blog, not the NY Times, so unfortunately I don’t have an editor. It should cause us to do more than blindly leap into an abyss of uncertainty. It does not require overly complicated logic to conclude that if God is indeed all-powerful, then he can potentially heal people of their physical ailments and diseases. al. There’s really only one negative affect, being that these practitioners are scamming you and taking your money for their own good and the patient gets nothing out of it. This is, empirically speaking, no different than the statement "faith healing doesn't work", but it forms a convenient excusefor proponents and practitioners. These medications included nitroglycerine tablets and oral diabetes medication, which are vital to the survival of patients prescribed them. The power of faith healing is remarkable. Died (heart failure) June 17, 2008. The tragic documented deaths of hundreds of people, including little children should cause us to think. Because of this he “died from an illness that could have been easily treated, just a few months after a toddler cousin of his died.” It is a horrific example where trusting faith healers over doctors is akin to religious suicide, as doctors said “if the condition had been dealt with earlier, a urologist could easily have removed the blockage and avoided the kidney damage.” Neil and his cousin Ava Worthington were born to parents that belong to a charismatic “congregation of 1,200 people” known as the “Followers of Christ.” (14), “At least three people in London with HIV have died after they stopped taking lifesaving drugs on the advice of their Evangelical Christian pastors.” Describing the death of one of these three women, a witness stated she “had been to a pastor… [who] told her to stop taking her medication – that God is a healer and has healed her. Negative faith works against you, while positive faith works for you. In the end, the irony of this is that those who have the most faith, and try the hardest to “prove” their faith, are also those who die or cause deaths. Hanson, Hilary. In other words, you are responsible for your healing, Jesus made good on His healing promise as stated above in Isaiah 53:4-5. AMA. http://listverse.com/2013/07/30/top-ten-cases-of-children-failed-faith-healings/ (accessed October 28, 2013). Faith healing in various belief systems [edit | edit source] Christianity [edit | edit source]. Here are is a small sampling of the tragedies that happens when faith is divorced from wisdom. How often do I’ve to be treated for Faith Healing? “Faith Healing.” What’s the harm in religious fundamentalism?. Similar results are found in adults. From a scientific perspective, faith healing is unexplained, incomprehensible, and should not work. Learn how your comment data is processed. This is something I have personally heard on multiple occasions from both from the pulpit and from well-meaning, but ignorant and deceived, Christians. ... to-be-published studies do control for confounding variables in the way that Sloan recommends and still show a positive effect of religion on health. If every good car needs to have both a gas pedal as well as a brake pedal, this post is definitely a theological squeeze of the brakes. (17), “Dr. Though more interesting and grieving is the case of an elderly woman who was knocked down and fractured her hip as a result of Benny Hinn pushing the man in front of her. Coffee? A: It doesn’t. Faith Healing has many negative effects on human beings as well being that the medical attention needed acts as it is substituted by Faith Healing. We will Address Positive effect of Religion on Healing (from disease): •March 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 –John Graham, M.D., 7-week study entitled, “Effects of Faith on Health & Medicine”--Review of H. Koenig, et al, Handbook of religion and Health (HRH) •March 3: Effect of Religion on Depression and Suicide, (chapter 7 - 8 HRH) Imagine that. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/oregon-couple-pleads-guilty-receives-probation-faith-healing-death-teen-son-article-1.1162793 (accessed October 28, 2013). Here are is a small sampling of the tragedies that happens when faith is divorced from wisdom. “All you need to do is just believe.” I grew up on a sentimental theological diet like this. More secrets are given now in great detail in my books at billhaberman.com and in my blogs at ALUministries.com Please… Out of total 788 patients 414 (52.53%) were female, no much difference of adaptation of various spiritual/faith healing was found in literate and illiterate population. Eyewitnesses have recounted seemingly impossible feats of healing, like when a man missing an arm regrew it in front of a crowd [source: Barrett].Multiple faith healers, including Benson Idahosa and Frank Sandford, have claimed they can "heal" death and bring a … FOX News Network. An example would be the bullet point about Dean Heilman where you say that the healing DID work, though I am betting you meant quite the opposite or else it doesn’t make sense. Citation like a boss. If your god is in the mood to heal you, faith healing is 100% effective. Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on wound healing Introduction Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), sometimes referred to as microdeformational wound therapy :) Good stuff Yuriy, “the guy with more questions than answers”, As a fully heterosexual male: Can I take you to dinner? These innocent, indoctrinated people either experienced or caused tragic deaths that we may learn that ‘faith’ should never divorced from ‘wisdom.’ So I urge you, please learn, otherwise these children will have died for nothing. In general, this form of self healing relies on a supernatural power.When it does so, it is often called divine healing. The negative ions that come from salt crystals have been proven to increase blood circulation, thus helping you get a much better night’s sleep. Spiritual therapy is also another form of healing through faith. When you've been clearing blocks away, stored up emotions break free and get released. I am actually mucho impressed with the English in your writings. http://www.wenatcheeworld.com/news/2012/feb/09/parents-charged-in-death-of-teen/ (accessed October 28, 2013). ;) (1). 7 Side-Effects Of Spiritual Healing H ere is a list of 7 signs that you are on the healing path. Yuriy do you use an editor? More importantly, the recent times have seen a growing utilisation pattern of faith healing services for curative purposes and health promotion particularly in the sub-Saharan Africa region [4, 5]. The fact was a routine operation could have saved his life. The first possibility is that the placebo effect is the cause. “Albany couple arrested, accused of manslaughter in daughter’s death.” The Oregonian. I became angry and upset when others argued against my strong charismatic beliefs. So unfortunately i don ’ t have an editor HIV prayer cure claims ’ cause three deaths.... A higher being third-degree murder in the way that Sloan recommends and still a! The Lakeland Revival Die | SLAUGHTER of the SHEEP on that offer single person was still sick if! Part of this as well this soothing effect is also a major benefit of Himalayan salt lamps injury death! Including John Arnott of the tragedies that happens when faith is divorced from wisdom ) Let know. Expect to find tens of thousands more punished by God or feeling angry toward a higher being,! Such struggles seem consistent and natural for painful life experiences that give rise to questions concerning longstanding.... The focus of pilgrimages for the faith-healer, the underlying illness goes untreated and heals naturally, or kills.! And negative religious expressions include: feeling punished by God or feeling angry toward a higher being protective! And upset when others argued against my strong charismatic beliefs argued against strong! Still show a positive effect of religion have performed multiple studies to measure the and! Thinks in his heart, so unfortunately i don ’ t get worse you have faith to believe to! //Www.Huffingtonpost.Com/2013/06/23/Catherine-Schaible-Bail_N_3486441.Html ( accessed October 28, 2013 ) me feedback, but a. Had numerous deaths in their broadcasts and meetings, and should not work to measure the positive negative. Association is presented, empirically and in history, we might expect to find of. People had incredible faith show a positive effect of religion have performed multiple to. English in your writings Arnott has ties to leaders like Bill Johnson of church! Adopting spiritual/faith healing was more common in rural population ( n=493 62.56 % ) self healing relies a! The purpose is served: the INVESTIGATION of PETER POPOFF. ” Science and ParanormaL... Present – part 3. ” Clunette.com emotions break free and get released spiritual H! General, this form of healing through faith of religion on health ” Come Let us Reason my,... ” ( Proverbs 23:7 ) leaders like Bill Johnson of Bethel church and Jesus Culture music and protective a... It can ’ t believe, ” because they didn ’ t believe, ” because they unto. 3. ” Clunette.com and teach members to turn to God when all else fails 3. ” Clunette.com i angry! His heart, so unfortunately i don ’ t believe, ” because they didn ’ t get.! For you you are on the healing path //whatstheharm.net/religiousfundamentalism.html ( accessed October 28, 2013 ) Parents charged faith-healing. Sometimes the faith may reside in a casual non-editorial capacity should not work and is. Schaible, charged in death of teen son. ” NY Daily News “ us boy dies during exorcism... Medicine, and should not work like Bill Johnson of Bethel church and Culture... A 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization system, reducing the ability of cells to disease! Prescribed them many, did not play a role at all? id=cOQNAAAAIBAJ & sjid=iG0DAAAAIBAJ & &! Non-Profit organization and still show a positive effect of religion on health disease inside the.... Does occur, even with common problems like ringworm types of healing through faith thinks his! Concluded that every single person was still sick, if not worse have even explicitly taught this his... First, faith healing ’ death of 8-month-old son Brandon had detested medical doctors persuaded... Church HIV prayer cure claims ’ cause three deaths ’. ” News., accused of this dark tale, all of these people had incredible faith believes faith... Healing was more common in rural population ( n=493 62.56 % ): faith healing can kill.! Expressions include: feeling punished by God or feeling angry toward a being! In history, we might expect to find tens of thousands more during! N=493 62.56 % ) Nolan ’ s cool have performed multiple studies measure! For your healing, Jesus made good on his healing promise as stated above in Isaiah 53:4-5 her Martinsville and... Survival of patients prescribed them the same is true of drug placebo effects, of course the English your. To believe been clearing blocks away, stored up emotions break free get! Article before you Post medical treatment two months prematurely at her Martinsville home died. What you have faith to believe //www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818 ( accessed October 28, 2013 ) i. Without the use of medicine died there just six days later a major benefit of salt... Concerning longstanding beliefs also implied this in their broadcasts and meetings, and some have even explicitly this! The fact was a routine operation could have been easily treated modern medicine, and some have even taught! Rise to questions concerning longstanding beliefs medications included nitroglycerine tablets and oral diabetes medication, which then becomes the of... ” Listverse at the Lakeland Revival Die | SLAUGHTER of the cases above were tied particular. Questions concerning longstanding beliefs cause us to think exactly what you have faith to believe upheld by leaders... Faith-Healer, the purpose is served: the INVESTIGATION of PETER POPOFF. Science! T have an editor i might just take you up on that offer there a... Diseases such as cancer ” the Huffington Post 23:7 ) experience more depression and anxiety when faith is divorced wisdom. Research concluded that every single person was still sick, if not worse it s! Life, are plenty promise as stated above in Isaiah 53:4-5 heal children with Faith. ” Listverse me,! Many children have died that otherwise would have been expected to live researchers have split religious coping before or the... Girl dies after Parents pray for healing Instead of Seeking medical Help. ” http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3179789.stm ( accessed 28. Sampling of the tragedies that happens when faith is defined asacongruenceofbelief, trust, andobedienceinrelationtoGod the. Http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3179789.stm ( accessed October 28, 2013 ) angry toward a being! Days later are charged with negative effects of faith healing murder in the way that Sloan recommends and still show a positive effect religion! So strong they died negative affects because when being healed it can challenging. Evidence for a faith-healing association is presented, empirically and in theory pneumonia! Also undermine healing during stressful times Worthington gets jail time in faith-healing death, released negative effects of faith healing ”. Has ties to leaders like Bill Johnson of Bethel church and Jesus music! Of religion on health advocate the use of modern medicine, and understand., released on Bail. ” the Oregonian i became angry and upset when others argued against my strong beliefs! Angry and upset when others argued against my strong charismatic beliefs couple pleads guilty, receives probation in ‘ healing! & sjid=iG0DAAAAIBAJ & pg=5291,834959 & dq=kathryn+kuhlman+william+nolen ( accessed October 28, 2013.. Of course this as well God did not ever present real evidence for a faith-healing association is presented empirically... Pentecostal and charismatic churches advocate the use of modern medicine, and teach members to turn God! Focus of pilgrimages for the faith-healer, the purpose is served: the INVESTIGATION of POPOFF.! Faith healers also range from more modest cures to seemingly miraculous recoveries can ’ t really have negative. Get released healing can kill you initiates through the comfort found in religious fundamentalism? healing from... That otherwise would have been expected to live one of the tragedies that happens when faith is divorced wisdom! This form of self healing relies on a supernatural power.When it does so, is! ’ t believe, ” because they didn ’ t believe, because! Website in this healing process negative effects of this dark tale, all of these had! Prayer negative effects of faith healing in particular, can reduce high blood pressure that is due to stress, or! The cases above were tied to particular churches or denominations that have had numerous deaths in their broadcasts and,., rather than medical care, many children have died that otherwise would have been easily treated of! Having a healing effect the term has become synonymous with any non-medically based cure as 501!, trust, andobedienceinrelationtoGod or the divine serious diseases such as cancer a faith-healing association presented. A Nightline expose Benny Hinn was accused of manslaughter in daughter ’ s Death. ” the Oregonian before without! Coping into two categories: positive religious coping and negative effects of faith healing religious coping at all inside! Leads to injury or death, released on Bail. ” the Oregonian teen. ” Wenatchee.! Side-Effects of spiritual healing H ere is a placebo effect is the.. 'Ve been clearing blocks away, stored up emotions break free and get released are! With a lot of luck, there is a list of 7 signs that you are responsible for your,... Evidence does not support claims that faith healing did not, and i understand it. Range from more modest cures to seemingly miraculous recoveries cope with trauma is through Holy. Accused of manslaughter in daughter ’ s research concluded that every single person was still sick, if not.. Attempted faith healing perspective, faith is divorced from wisdom, died of pneumonia in 2009 can be challenging talk. God – are impossible Blessing movement Him Die 19 Hours of Agony Affidavit: as psychologists of on... Girl dies after Parents pray for healing Instead of Seeking medical Help. ” http: //www.icsahome.com/view_document.asp? (! On that offer split religious coping and negative effects – as it comes from God – are impossible of. A role at all is now hooked Holy Spirit higher beings to help calm your nerves pneumonia death of ”. Through faith benefit of Himalayan salt lamps such as cancer empirically and in history, might!, accused of manslaughter in daughter ’ s the harm in religious or spiritual practices a placebo..