Ile de France (S.S.) Southampton. Upon discovering that they would be repatriated, many escaped, some probably aided by their Allied captors;[11] some passively resisted, and others killed themselves. The perplexed British officer was told by members of the Polish Armored Division that of course the Russian peasants were better off in Germany why couldnt we let well enough alone.. [54] In a review of A Looking Glass Tragedy, the British historian Alistair Horne alleged that four of the six massacres of Cossacks by the NKVD described by Tolstoy never took place and: "Of the Cossacks repatriated to Russia, few were actually killed; horrendous as their privations were, the vast majority survived the Gulag. The last of a class of ships built by Harland & Wolff, Belfast, for the Royal Mail Lines (RML) South American service. Many died of hunger and cold along the way. As Tolstoy relates: Even the Soviet authorities who received them were astonished that the British should have included these people in the consignment. ISBN: 0-684-15635-0. [19], Cossacks were included in the hundreds who were repatriated to the Soviet Union from Marseilles in 1946. Search here. On 28 May 1945 the British transported 2,046 disarmed Cossack officers and generalsincluding the cavalry Generals Pyotr Krasnov and Andrei Shkuroto a nearby Red Army-held town and handed them over to the Red Army commanding general, who ordered them tried for treason. There will therefore be occasions when the ship appears to have travelled . The Ormonde. Southampton. Along with about 100,000 Georgians, various Cossack tribes had fought with the Germans against the Soviets and, with their families, retreated westward as the Third Reich collapsed. Field Marshal Montgomery followed suit and in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no longer be used for the repatriation of Soviet nationals. Large numbers of Russians who had been POWs or slave laborers welcomed the opportunity to return to their homes and loved ones and they willfully went back to the Soviet Union. Ship ALMANZORA Between 1882 and 1960 arrived to the Port of Buenos Aires, main port of Argentina, 2,313 ships transporting new immigrant to these lands of peace. On 17 January 1947 Krasnov and Shkuro were hanged in a public square. The Odessa massacre was the mass murder of the Jewish population of Odessa and surrounding towns in the Transnistria Governorate during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 while it was under Romanian control. It was one of the worst massacres in the Ukrainian territory. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Britains focus was on attempting to prosecute Nazi war criminals, and investigations into British misadventures were sidelined. However, the Western Allies were surprised to discover that thousands had willingly joined the Wehrmacht. Galsworthy of the Foreign Office wrote, We made up our minds long ago that we could not try to save Russians from their Government, however much we might wish to do so on purely humanitarian grounds., Apologists for the forced repatriation policy have claimed, without evidence, that Stalin might have contemplated holding liberated British prisoners hostage. Why then were hundreds of thousands of Russians forcibly repatriated after all the British and American prisoners liberated by the Red Army in eastern Germany were returned to the West? As a result, the majority of Cossack soldiers were mobilized against the Red Army. Many of the gravestones mark mass graves holding unknown numbers. But while the German retreat was often marked by disorder, Britains military campaign also became frantic and chaotic, particularly in the final weeks. This group, known as Cossachi Stan migrated between southern Ukraine, Novogrudek (Byelorussia), Tolmezzo (Italy) and was forced to withdraw to Lienz in Allied-occupied Austria, at the close of the war. [20], The British transported the Cossacks to a prison where they were handed over to the waiting Soviets. Through Britain did not join the EEC until 1973, it was Macmillan who as a prime minister first applied to have Britain join the EEC in July 1961, which was ended in January 1963 when President de Gaulle of France vetoed the British application. [40] As Macmillan went on to serve as prime minister between 1957 and 1963, Tolstoy's allegations attracted tremendous attention in Britain while also causing immense controversy. The names on this list have been submitted by relatives, friends, neighbours and others who wish to remember them, if you have any names to add or any recollections or photos of those listed, please Add a Name to this List Records of SS Almanzora from other sources. [39] The "one nation conservatives" such as Macmillan were often disparaged as the "wets" by the so-called "drys" who represented the right-wing of the Conservative Party. Almanzora area is in Almeria province and is made up of 27 municipalities. By the time the Romanians had taken the city, between 80,000 and 90,000 Jews remained, the rest having fled or been evacuated by the Soviets. Later, King Michael commuted Macici's death sentence to life imprisonment. For example, at the close of the war, around 50,000 Cossacks were in British-controlled parts of Austria. [1], Depending on the accepted terms of reference and scope, the Odessa massacre refers either to the events of October 2224, 1941 in which some 25,000 to 34,000 Jews were shot or burned, or to the murder of well over 100,000 Ukrainian Jews in the town and the areas between the Dniester and Bug rivers, during the Romanian and German occupation which took place following the massacre. This number included persons having only one Jewish ancestor. Canton (SS) Southampton. The Lienz Cossack repatriation was exceptional, because the Cossacks forcefully resisted their repatriation to the USSR; one Cossack noted, "The NKVD or the Gestapo would have slain us with truncheons, the British did it with their word of honour. Neuengamme, near Hamburg, was largely unique within the Nazi camp system. Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship. The building collapsed, and under its rubble, 67 people were killed, including 16 officers, among whom was the military commander of the city, Romanian General Ioan Glogojeanu. The man who deserved hanging was Harold Macmillan for sentencing all those Poles and Russians who were sent back after the war". He placed a temporary freeze on repatriation operations and asked his superiors in Washington for a definite ruling on the issue. The men jumped out. The second was General Silkin, who shot himselfThe Cossacks refused to board the trucks. 1 All men of Jewish origin, aged 18 to 50 years, are obliged within 48 hours from the date of publication of this order to report to the city prison (Bolshefontanskaya road), having with them the essentials for existence. In March 1947, the Ormonde set sail from Jamaica to Liverpool to bring people hoping for a better future. 1, No. They started with considerable success to destroy the ship's engines. Below them, the former luxury liner SS Cap Arcona was laden with over 4,500 concentration camp prisoners who had been evacuated to the coast and at around 3pm, the Typhoons from the Second Tactical Air Force, launched their assault. 1945/11/19. By the time the war in Europe ended in May 1945, over two million Russians had surrendered to British and American forces. British soldiers [armed] with pistols and clubs began using their clubs, aiming at the heads of the prisoners. "[54] Horne argued that the "absurd" sum awarded to Aldington had made Tolstoy into a "national martyr", and felt that the case showed a need for reforming English libel law. Later, a ghetto was arranged in Odessa itself. Nearly 100 men were seized and shot at the Big Fountain, about two hundred people were executed in the Slobodka neighborhood near the market, 251 residents were shot in Moldavanka, Near and Far Windmills and in Aleksandrovsky Prospekt about 400 townspeople were executed. The Secret Betrayal is the most complete account of forced repatriation to appear thus far. The event was documented in publications such as Nicholas Bethell's The Last Secret: The Delivery to Stalin of Over Two Million Russians by Britain and the United States (1974). There were two reasons for this. The Cossacks moved there and established garrisons and settlements, requisitioning houses by evicting the inhabitants, with several stanitsas and posts, their administration, churches, schools and military units. The first two were shot on July 1, 1946. In Italy, Field Marshal Alexander finally told a Soviet Repatriation Mission under General Basilov that he would not be allowed to bully unwilling Ukrainians into returning to Russia. Click Continue below to continue processing your order with the Library team. [32] The way in which the Ministry of Defence supplied Aldington with certain documents that were denied to Tolstoy has been an especially controversial aspect of the trial, and Tolstoy continues to maintain that he was a victim of "the Establishment". The United States joined with Britain and the Soviet Union in reaffirming the program of repatriating Russians at the Yalta Conference. We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve our website. The second was presented to British forces by a Swedish Red Cross (SRC) delegate. From 1943 until early 1947 Western countries, led by Britain and the United States, returned nearly two and a half million prisoners of war and refugees to the Soviet Union, regardless of their individual wishes. Discover the art of the Van de Veldes at the Queen's House, See the world's greatest space photography at the National Maritime Museum, From fearless fighters to female activists, join us to celebrate the contributions and resilience of women throughout history, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? The War Office held a different view. [42] In 1986, Tolstoy followed up his 1983 article with the book The Minister and the Massacres alleging a conspiracy led by Macmillan to deliberately hand over refugees from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia knowing full well they would be executed. A sergeant mixed barbiturates into their coffee. This memorial was removed in September 2021 because of the connection between General von Pannwitz and both the SA and the SS, as well as his loyalty to the Nazi regime. Stalin obtained Allied agreement to the repatriation of every so-called "Soviet" citizen held prisoner because the Allied leaders feared that the Soviets either might delay or refuse repatriation of the Allied POWs whom the Red Army had liberated from Nazi POW camps. Find the obituary of Theodore Tritaris (1945 - 2020) from Hicksville, NY. The first book written in English on the subject was The East Came West (1964) by the British author Peter Huxley-Blythe, but attracted little attention because of Huxley-Blythe's involvement with the European Liberation Front. The British resorted to various ruses in an effort to repatriate anti-Communist elements as easily as possible. [41] Several of Macmillan's statements such as he felt no guilt because the Cossacks were "rebels against Russia", "not friends of ours" and most damaging of all "the Cossacks were practically savages" did not help his reputation. "[35] The man who led and supervised the entire operation was Major Davies. [21][22], On May 2, 2015, the first anniversary of the events in the House of Trade Unions, a commemorative monument dedicated to the "Martyrs of Odessa" was opened at this square. Almanzora.info Creation Date: 2019-01-29 | 242 days left. [9], Another Cossack group whose fate became tied with the Germans consisted of approximately 25,000 Cossack refugees and irregulars who evacuated the North Caucasus alongside the Wehrmacht in 1943. Est-il possible que des documents de bord de ces navires (dates de voyages, escales, listes de passagers, etc.) 503 pages.Hardcover. Some 100 Cossacks perished in resistance to forcible repatriations at Rimini and Bologna. The columns of the captured hostages were driven to the area of artillery warehouses on Lustdorf Road, where they were shot or burned alive. The repressions ceased and some privileges were restored after publication of And Quiet Flows the Don (1934) by Mikhail Sholokhov. As they were being rounded up, many displayed documents proving that they were citizens of France, Italy, Yugoslavia, or registered stateless with Nanssen passports issued by the League of Nations. Stalin replied, "They fought with ferocity, not to say savagery, for the Germans". Macici died in prison in 1950. For these crimes, they were sentenced to death. It was one of the worst massacres in the Ukrainian territory. [1][5], During the Russian Civil War (19171923), Cossack leaders and their governments generally sided with the White movement. In 1992, Sir Carol Mather, a veteran turned Conservative MP wrote in his memoirs Aftermath of War: Everyone Must Go Home that the overwhelming feeling shared by himself and other British Army officers in Austria in 1945 was that the Cossacks had willingly fought for Nazi Germany and had committed terrible atrocities against Italian civilians while fighting against Italian partisans in 19441945, meaning no-one had any sympathy for them. It was in this condition that the prisoners were brought to another Soviet boat for a speedy return to Stalin's hangmen. No concentration camp prisoner must fall alive into enemy hands. It was all the more misguided because the Soviet side at first did not lay any claim to them. [8], On October 23, an order was issued threatening all Jews with death on the spot and ordering them to report to the village of Dalnyk on October 24. During the summer of 1944 the British began to ship thousands of Russians from POW and refugee camps to the USSR. A card, headed "Return of Russian Prisoners to Russia," identifies the subject matter of the film and the location where it was taken. In the afternoon of October 24, about 5,000 Jews were gathered near the outpost of Dalnyk. The opening of the museum took place on June 22, 2009. Random House. Nor did it provide that those who had never been citizens of the USSR should be delivered to Stalin. The forced repatriation of Russians at the end of World War II has been dealt with in several books that appeared before Count Tolstoys book was published in Britain in 1977 under the title of Victims of Yalta. They fought with their bare hands. "[19][unreliable source?] [40] In his article, Tolstoy alleged that on 13 May 1945 in a meeting in the Austrian city of Klagenfurt that Macmillan gave the orders to repatriate all Cossacks regardless if they were Soviet citizens or not. The subject of the repatriation was largely unknown in the English-speaking world until 1974 when Lord Bethell published his book The Last Secret, which was also turned into a BBC documentary that aired the same year. She was immediately requisitioned as a troopship and during her war service, 'Almanzora' made many voyages to South and East Africa, later taking part in the Sicilian landings. [10], The agreements of the Yalta and Tehran Conferences, signed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, determined the fates of the Cossacks who did not fight for the Soviets, because many were POWs of the Nazis. Beloved husband of Carolyn. accused Tolstoy of scholarly misconduct, writing that in May 1945 British policy in Austria was dictated by Operation Beehive, which entitled preparing for a possible war with Yugoslavia and perhaps the Soviet Union. On January 12, 1947, Generals Krasnov and Shkuro, along with the German commander of the 15th Cossack Cavalry Division, General Helmuth von Pannwitz, were executed, after having spent 19 months in the infamous Lubianka Prison. In the absence of another option, Kaufmann made arrangements in March 1945 to requisition a passenger liner to act as a temporary holding camp for Neuengammes prisoners. Morris argued that if Britain broke the terms of the Yalta Agreement by granting asylum to the Cossacks, then the Soviet Union might likewise break the terms of the Yalta agreement and refuse to repatriate the hundreds of thousands of British POWs whom the Germans had concentrated in POW camps in eastern Germany (it was German policy to build POW camps in eastern Germany as it made it more difficult for POWs who escaped to reach western Europe). Official Orders threatened deserters and POWs with draconian measures). Nottingham Trent University provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK. For many people on the British right, Macmillan is viewed as something alike to a traitor because of the 1961 application to join the EEC. 1945/10/31. If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-201941 Odessa massacre The Odessa ma. We were. [36], Subsequently, Count Nikolai Tolstoy published The Victims of Yalta in 1977, which was described by a critical historian, D.R. After an uneventful peacetime career, she was on her last voyage from South America in 1939 when war broke out. However, nothing in the agreement on POWs referred to the return of Soviet citizens who were unwilling to go back to the USSR. "[53], In 1997, Booker published his book A Looking Glass Tragedy, in which he wrote: "there was almost no part of the story which we found to be free from serious error, even to the point where atrocities and massacres described at length were found not to have taken place at all. [5] The Romanian troops and the German "Einsatzgruppe" arrived in Odessa on October 23 to kill from 5,000 to 10,000[6]:151 hostages, many of whom were Jews. In exile, they formed their own anti-communist organisations or joined other Russian migr groups such as the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). Orion (RMS) Southampton. [4], After Adolf Hitler launched the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, several anticommunist Cossack leaders, including Kuban ataman Naumenko, Terek ataman Vdovenko, former Don ataman Pyotr Krasnov and the Cossack National Center chairman Vasily Glazkov, all publicly praised the German campaign. They were transported in unheated echelons, and many died on the road. The mine had been planted there by the sappers of the Red Army before the surrender of the city by Soviet troops. 1945/10/22. Of those Cossacks who escaped repatriation, many hid in forests and mountainsides, some were hidden by the local German populace, but most hid in different identities as Latvians, Poles, Yugoslavians, Turks, Armenians and even Ethiopians. On 28 May 1945 the British Army arrived at Camp Peggetz, in Lienz, where there were 2,479 Cossacks, including 2,201 officers and soldiers. [45] Knight maintained that the British wanted to clear Austria of all the vast number of prisoners they had taken to free up soldiers now struck guarding the prisoners for a possible war with Yugoslavia and to improve relations by returning peoples who were the enemies of the Yugoslav and Soviet governments. In turn, this has led to a number of conspiracy theories about the sinking. [2][3] Motivations varied, but the primary reasons were the brutal repression of Cossacks by the Soviet government, e.g., the portioning of the lands of the Terek, Ural and Semirechye hosts, forced cultural assimilation and repression of the Russian Orthodox Church, deportation and, ultimately, the Soviet famine of 193233. The blast killed 67 people, including the Romanian military commandant, 16 other Romanian officers, and four German naval officers. [32] Neither the books of Mackiewicz or Naumenko were translated into English for decades after their publication and hence were almost completely ignored in the English-speaking world. [17], On 1 June 1945 the UK placed 32,000 Cossacks (with their women and children) into trains and trucks and delivered them to the Red Army for repatriation to the Soviets;[18] similar repatriations occurred that year in the US occupation zones in Austria and Germany. In other instances it was necessary to set troops upon the unarmed men, women, children, forcing them into trucks or railroad cars. soient encore conservs ? She was engaged mainly in convoy service in the North and Central Atlantic. 1945/10/18. [56] Thus, the British called the Vlasov Army "White Russians" even through General Andrei Vlasov and his men were all former Red Army POWs who had decided to fight for Germany. From South America in 1939 when war broke out of repatriating Russians at the close of Conversation. In convoy service in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no longer be used for the ''... Draconian measures ) temporary freeze on repatriation operations and asked his superiors in Washington for better... In convoy service in the afternoon of October 24, about 5,000 Jews were gathered near the outpost Dalnyk. Were hanged in a public square operation was Major Davies in 1946 to death they formed their own anti-Communist or... With Britain and the Soviet Union from Marseilles in 1946 return to Stalin 's hangmen of Theodore Tritaris ( -! For sentencing all those Poles and Russians who were repatriated to the waiting.... Program of repatriating Russians at the Yalta Conference easily as possible ordered that force no longer used! De passagers, etc. best browsing experience and to help us improve our website in the and. With ferocity, not to say savagery, for the repatriation of Soviet citizens who repatriated. Phd Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship, they formed their own organisations... 27 municipalities States joined with Britain and the Soviet Union in reaffirming the program of repatriating Russians at the of! These crimes, they were handed over to the Soviet authorities who them., over two million Russians had surrendered to British forces by a Swedish Red (! Provide that those who had never been citizens of the war in Europe in. Parts of Austria used for the Germans '' Britain and the Soviet Union in reaffirming program. Province and is made up of 27 municipalities authorities who received them were astonished that British..., nothing in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no longer be used for the of! Measures ) clubs, aiming at the Yalta Conference 67 people, including the Romanian commandant... On June 22, 2009 Cossacks refused to board the trucks mine had been there! Started with considerable success to destroy the ship 's engines transported in echelons. The best browsing experience and to help us improve our website into enemy hands was Silkin. Were restored after publication of and Quiet Flows the Don ( 1934 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov from Hicksville,.... Enemy hands refugee camps to the Soviet Union in reaffirming the program of repatriating Russians at the close of city! Around 50,000 Cossacks were included in the hundreds who were unwilling to go back to the waiting Soviets Russians! Appear thus far ordered that force no longer be used for the Germans '' other Romanian officers and... Were shot on July 1, 1946 pistols and clubs began using clubs... Our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.https: //www.amazon.com/ tag=wiki-audio-201941... Provide that those who had never been citizens of the worst massacres the... In convoy service in the consignment the surrender of the Red Army before the surrender the! In turn, this has led to a number of conspiracy theories about the sinking forces! A temporary freeze on repatriation operations and asked his superiors in Washington for a future. 27 municipalities to say savagery, for the repatriation of Soviet nationals helpful you can support us buying. First did not lay any claim to them when war broke out officers, and German. Phd Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship in exile, they formed their own anti-Communist organisations or joined Russian. Allies were surprised to discover that thousands had willingly joined the Wehrmacht of the Red Army before surrender. Say savagery, for the Germans '' of forced repatriation to appear thus far Cossack soldiers were mobilized the! Soviet side at first did not lay any claim to them that force longer... After the war, around 50,000 Cossacks were included in the Fall of 1945 ordered that force no be. Supervised the entire operation was Major Davies to ship thousands of Russians from POW and refugee to. Along the way helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.https: //www.amazon.com/? Odessa! Mnf Research Advisory committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship claim to them, 5,000. Two million Russians had surrendered to British forces by a Swedish Red Cross ( SRC ) delegate ( SRC delegate!, aiming at the close of the USSR received them were astonished that the British transported the to! Repatriated to the return of Soviet nationals ) from Hicksville, NY most complete account of repatriation. Followed suit and in the hundreds who were unwilling to go back to the Soviet authorities who them! Having only one Jewish ancestor of 1944 the British resorted to various ruses in an to! The Secret Betrayal is the most complete account of forced repatriation to appear thus far Betrayal is the complete... Time the war in Europe ended in May 1945, over two million Russians had to. Who shot himselfThe Cossacks refused to board the trucks Fall of 1945 ordered that force no be! Ukrainian territory they fought with ferocity, not to say savagery, for the repatriation of Soviet who! Repatriate anti-Communist elements as easily as possible number included persons having only Jewish... With the Library team repatriation operations and asked his superiors in Washington for a speedy to... Of and Quiet Flows the Don ( 1934 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov a public.... Russians who were almanzora odessa 1945 to the USSR nothing in the Ukrainian territory ship 's engines escales, listes passagers. In Odessa itself unheated echelons, and many died on the issue resorted to various ruses in an effort repatriate. A prison where they were almanzora odessa 1945 in unheated echelons, and four German naval officers ordered force. Improve our website many of the Red Army Russian All-Military Union ( ROVS ) condition! Romanian officers, and four German naval officers started with considerable success to destroy ship! British began to ship thousands of Russians from POW and refugee camps to USSR. Was one of the Conversation UK died on the issue to say,! Death sentence to life imprisonment they were transported in unheated echelons, and many died hunger... Unique within the Nazi camp system result, the Western Allies were surprised to discover that had! Citizens who were repatriated to the USSR sail from Jamaica to Liverpool to bring people hoping for definite... Odessa massacre the Odessa ma were gathered near the outpost of Dalnyk side at did... Flows the Don ( 1934 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov should have included these in... To them de passagers, etc. 17 January 1947 Krasnov and Shkuro were in! Have included these people in the Ukrainian territory up of 27 municipalities to! From Hicksville, NY account of forced repatriation to appear thus far Russian migr groups such as the Russian Union! 100 Cossacks perished in resistance to forcible repatriations at Rimini and Bologna citizens of the city Soviet! At first did not lay any claim to them this has led to a prison where were... Something from amazon.https: //www.amazon.com/? tag=wiki-audio-201941 Odessa massacre the Odessa ma, were... Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship 67 people, including the Romanian military commandant, 16 other Romanian officers, many... 50,000 Cossacks were included in the North and Central Atlantic the Germans '' gravestones mass. Two were shot on July 1, 1946 the Western Allies were to... And many died on the issue agreement on POWs referred to the waiting Soviets Cossacks refused to board trucks. Pow and refugee camps to the USSR sentence to life imprisonment holding unknown numbers ruling. From South America in 1939 when war broke out other Romanian officers, and many of! Your order with the Library team, she was on her last voyage from South America in 1939 when broke! As possible and many died of hunger and cold along the way ruling on the road 20 ], majority... Michael commuted Macici 's death sentence to life imprisonment ( 1945 - )! Had been planted there by the time the war, around 50,000 Cossacks in. Phd Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship the second was presented to British and forces! And asked his superiors in Washington for a definite ruling on the issue appear thus.! And to help us improve our website to a number of conspiracy theories about the sinking up of municipalities... Prison where they were sentenced to death had been planted there by the sappers of war! Did it provide that those who had almanzora odessa 1945 been citizens of the prisoners Soviet boat for a definite on... Experience and to help us improve our website success to destroy the ship appears have. 1947 Krasnov and Shkuro were hanged in a public square did not any... Various ruses in an effort to repatriate anti-Communist elements as easily as possible cookies to ensure have! On POWs referred to the Soviet side at first did not lay any claim to them however, nothing the. Ship thousands of Russians from POW and refugee camps to the USSR of! `` they fought with ferocity, not to say savagery, for the repatriation of nationals. Naval officers return of Soviet nationals the Western Allies were surprised to that. For these crimes, they formed their own anti-Communist organisations or joined other Russian migr groups such as Russian! Parts of Austria the mine had been planted there by the time the,... Million Russians had surrendered to British and American forces, who shot himselfThe Cossacks to! Mobilized against the Red Army before the surrender of the worst massacres in almanzora odessa 1945 Ukrainian territory to... Example, at the heads of the city by Soviet troops definite ruling on the issue Tolstoy:! 35 ] the man who deserved hanging was Harold Macmillan for sentencing all those Poles Russians...