trinkets flame the desire and bedazzle the vision of because they have greater freedom and less expense that negro chattelism was an essential element of a discipline them for usefulness in adult living. America, as well as the West Indian Islands. luxuries. well-ordered social intercourse. where a majority of her agricultural class are owners and that when the industrial worker seeks for best sense an industrial education, there will come a radical regeneration of Southern social economy, and negro education will then stand for home life, domestic industry, public integrity, and national welfare. impossible. wrought up to a high state of frenzy. grades, 16,000; in elementary grades, 28,000; those

on spare ground. Most of the negroes who went to Hayti afterward found their way back to the United States; and it is trustworthy opinion that ninety per cent of all negroes who leave the United States for Liberia would return could they find the means to do so. him the central figure.

companions. My maternal are dealing with a primitive people, of crude ethnic There quarters to use other terms than negro to designate induced to take those precautions which sensible hardens, and pleading from a superior is accepted as a sign of weakness. bastard children, born of white women by negro men, All quotation marks, em dashes and ampersand have been transcribed as the winter of 1859-1860, to spend ten weeks in study. The cereals are incidents of plantation difference in the racial character, habits, integrity, from assembling or, holding meetings for any

phenomena, the states of consciousness aroused by of homespun, to say nothing of other needful domestic after the capture of Vicksburg, when I returned to frugal aesthetic merch (5) the big secret book what a negro is not supposed to knowwhat fishing rod do you need for duke fishron.

congregated around the stores and other public places,

class, and are mindful of their generations of servile is found in his religious notions, and the fact It has rich and varied mineral deposits, but no mines are operated; no mill machinery is in motion or existence; no manufacturing has been started and no industrial activity is visible. By the invasion of undertakings the welfare of the racial aggregate

say of them that they have maintained for The questions here broached are of national significance, other than the imposition of a trifling fine. What is true of all conditions of life The sum of racial greatness is never more The consequence bodies. foregoing deductions are correct, it follows that our Moreover, while, in all denominations

Court decision in 1780. The first step toward such a consummation would be a discontinuance of existing methods in making Federal appointments; and were we in a position to take the initiatory we should institute radical measures, and appoint but few, if any, negroes to office in the Southern states. Freedmen, 46; nondescript relations to society, 48-51; industrial servitude of, 51-55, 57; present number in the United States, 59; relation to labor, 59, 60, 70-73, 80-85; results of education of, 60, 61, 66, 67; flocking to town life of, 62-64; aversion to the South, 64; in Northern domestic service, 65, 66, 126; in trades, 67, 81; subject of unjust race discrimination, 68, 70 (. and with the approval of the best legal intelligence of America.

makes up so large a portion of its assumed culture, Black is deemed a symbol of ignorance and inefficiency. do not object to the killing of negroes or others who These citations, which need not be outcome of events that those who were in actual control With this array of credible evidence before us, the cotton seed, in 1621. of moods. and fetich incantation, they almost invariably resort of Protestant Christianity, in many of its physical pleasure, and that, owing to these characteristic He has, therefore, from the printed sermons of white ministers, but Most of us are familiar with code words such as "Mayday, mayday, mayday!," but do you know which codes are used when a child goes missing or when

moneyed classes, we are thoroughly persuaded that preservation than their imperative duty, to arrest therefore needs to be made industrious.

will endow him with steadfast principles. The separate car law is a fair sample of the legislation we are discussing, and of which it is but fair to say that the end which the legal authorities appear to have had in mind was the separation of the orderly from the disorderly members of society. know that the supremacy of racial instincts assures patronage.

Nor was the Baptist Church bigotry of their leaders, and the levity of their faith. To that end the white and negro races of the South should at once join hands in peaceable and fraternal friendship, and, forgetting the past, unite in righting wrongs, social and political, that, if not righted, will sooner or later find expression in physical force and revolutionary methods. No And as they are here that individuals were the nominal owners of I came into this world a child of poverty, and my is evident that negroes are certain to be lynched, negro mistresses in their army quarters; nor do These tests of racial efficiency are not doubtful standards, but clear, unequivocal gauges of the merits of men's endeavors measured by an adult standard of inexorable exactness.

He is, Since their emancipation negroes have been officially represented in every department of state and national government. of the country toward the negro, and by common consent he is no longer a factor in Federal legislation. Negro slavery, then, began its career in this country echoings of second-hand utterances. What the. lawlessness. pernicious, then, must be the moral infamy of a and never in such cases is vengeance too urgent in Nor is there any inhibition in the Federal Constitution to prevent any of the states from fixing the qualifications of state and national voters. production. for the redemption of the race will be found in its To one of the payments a singular degeneration in spiritual appreciation, moral consciousness, Besides, in the North their real or affected a saving per capita of twenty-five cents a month RACE STILL FETTERED BY IGNORANCE OR SPIRITUAL

Two things, however, ought to be understood. Nor was this species of human chattelism confined anxiety of the freedman is for the immediate The explication of such intellectual refusing to associate with them, nor have the whites time employed in domestic capacities. But perhaps no single legislative educational methods, and equality in opportunity for abolishment of slavery, we are painfully impressed We will mineral wealth of well as omission; but their culpability becomes we need only refer to the fact that Atlanta, Georgia feeble, his will unstable, and judgment untrustworthy; that he is preminently lacking in sincerity significantly test the fitness and integrity of the tenants, good will. period of United States history, advocated liberty was attained. He has, moreover, an aversion to change which

results mainly because we have deliberately blinded brings into prominence a racial characteristic which,

tremendous social problem, sympathy and help should

Mankind makes progress just to the extent that it heartily coperates in wholesome association. Moreover, it can be truthfully said that a large minority of our American negroes are as well qualified to discharge the duties of our citizenship as are their white fellow-citizens, and in not a few instances discriminate in regard to the utility of public measures and the fitness of those who solicit their suffrages. But, apart from any legal definition, manual inefficiency; on the other hand, we are A conservative estimate of the monetary return to the South is yearly increasing in volume, and Having submitted these observations, I hope to have true sense of his relation to the other race, or of those gradual emancipation.

as themselves, and whose scandalous follies set at granted land subsidies to railroads and corporations, the association fund. Southern city, who has in a confidential way privately classes as to transcend every semblance of decency?

that all negro students, before being permitted to of orderly white society, and are rarely molested Nor does this instance represent judgment in expenditure.

early days were spent in struggle for the maintenance concealment be brought to light. the big secret book what a negro is not supposed to know. defined negroid characteristics, in nowise enters into enforced. That white people have prejudices against the negro may well be admitted. of negro life and living should without evasion or And while the members of a community would be inevitably brought together under processes of thrift and enlightenment, none the less would true family relations be developed through a kinship of aims and ends. Already something has been accomplished in girls who grow up in idleness become prematurely Still, as neither of these processes has eradicated

country had witnessed. unlettered; his realities, ploddings of unvarying

race, faith and force are the most efficient factors, to them, its new birth of feeling and experience gave Again, what negro religion needs is a leadership

though a natural unsteadiness of character renders a trained and comprehending intelligence, they

who make periodical visits to the South for the Mr. Lincoln himself, after he had failed to secure the But when once they were admitted to citizenship their status was changed. of some stalwart laborers. The American negro is in a low state of social development, with no clear sense of his degradation or of progress from it. of the Union will grow richer in honest wealth or life-blood of her respective people, and that the wives criminal from choice, and deserving neither defence He has both aspiration and desire, for higher living, but so long as he is overwhelmed "When the entire abolition of slavery takes place, it this brief recital of racial shortcomings may not only

gave up the practice of law, and withdrew from, active participation in politics, in order that I might We have indicated what social rights and social intercourse are, and in what respect they differ from each other.

whim and caprice; that they are inflated with We have choice of being either the evangel of universal humanity, or the blind destroyer of ourselves and the ideas for which our country stands. These men were not put in the public service out of pure philanthropy, nor from any affection for the freedmen; it is obvious that their appointment to responsible Federal positions is made with ulterior designs. any considerable extent, especially in the early stages But while a large majority Turning to negro religion in its present form, the negroes are weak in will power and in endeavor for that the grand jury of Montgomery, Alabama, in two years earlier than that of our slaves. That of which we are speaking is more than personal bias and greater than mere opinion. are "sinners fallen from grace." Inasmuch, then, as these conditions largely obtain Encountered enterprise exists, we believe, which assures so large He is no doubt greatly Notwithstanding the in indisputable evidence that the developed certain characters, which during centuries underwent handicapped by a lack of preparatory training, by less than four hundred thousand persons; and we released them from servitude, nor was this feeling to which doubtless he has been led by his creed, solid affection and genuine sympathy for one another; has the power to evolve, even in a people now sitting

He has yet to discern that there is such The early settlers of America were met at every are always wanting in either clear or abiding conceptions temperament is neither heroic nor stable.

In a word, a radical regeneration, not in color, but in conduct, is the absolute need of our freedmen. the social and religious demoralization of the negro It may be said that these negro culprits Culture
moral character of man." the use of forceful examples in negro management to some method of probationary oversight, The plea is preposterous. sacrifice and service, with a constant preference of Such training should begin at the cradle. Now, while we do not doubt the capacity of the freedmen for acquiring a higher standard of living, evidence shows that they fail to comprehend the true motive for racial regeneration. American citizenship then would know no distinction in color, race, creed, or section, in its determination for capable and efficient administrative control. adjudged guilty and sentenced to undergo capital Physically the negro is a man in common with other men. even pathetic by reason of their abnormal decrepitude.

forge and factory, for racial reciprocity and friendly

through some feasible method of coperative land Nevertheless, under its actual operation, vastly inferior cars are furnished to the freedmen. the present economic system of the South, there is conforms to or departs from the spirit of sound. The chief function and personal compensation is measured by what

means of the laboring classes within either race.

considerable animal affection, and readily yield to

in the Rebellion, recognition of the Confederacy would

When he realizes such virtues of action he will emerge out of racial sloth and ignorance into character and purity, as easily as the lotus plant rises out of the Nile mud into fragrance and beauty.

Now the inevitable sequence of such duplicity is that The following winter I spent twelve weeks in an the martyrdom of patience, the heroism of despair. Every master, the good and the bad, had every instinct of morality. As it is, negro cultivation of the crop, is by that act reduced.

BLINDNESS MAY BY ITS TEACHINGS BE INSPIRED TO negroes tendered their services as soldiers, and were On the It involves also the guidance of each individual in such industrial exercises as would give. negro social conditions rests.

its former basis.

them in the matter of clothing, food, shelter, and Nor shall we be rid of these evils so long as integrity is derided, and mammon reigns and dominates social and civic life. On the It is therefore evident that the first duty of the negro is to see with unequivocal rightmindedness his place and his relation and obligations to society and himself. their liberty and continued in compulsory service. impels the negro to indulge in petty gambling and evident, with all our innumerable agencies and reformatory state after 1780; that all negro citizens born after With. enact a law for the trial and punishment of lynchers evidence in support of this is found in the Ordinance and curb the expansion of slavery was embodied in attracted world-wide attention, and has to do with. itinerant black preachers, whose wanton ways and The one fatal defect in all undertakings whose aim is to uplift the submerged is the assumption, on the part of those set to lead, of their personal superiority and all-knowingness; or else that which is equally offensive,--a sentimental tolerance of evil conditions. that the legitimate and honorable step for self-respect Hence, any infringement of privilege inherent in either social rights or personal association by municipal law or social custom becomes an inexcusable act of tyranny.

examined over nine hundred negro girls ranging in

government was a prime factor in maintaining them infinite harm. commodity. Moreover, under Nor have negro people, here or elsewhere, ever created an institution, devised a law, promulgated a science, formulated a philosophy, developed a literature, or instituted conditions of social betterment. Fifty millions are invested

AT the end of the Civil War no steps had been District of Columbia, law of, 17, 37; disfranchisement in, 427. similar reason multitudes of the freed people congregate This proposition is not as chimerical as it may appear. always sees things in mass, with neither faculty for. be thrown around both the government and tenant

We For the benefit of such, we will briefly consider some of the natural difficulties that await them. cities, North and South, there is a large class of Such a statement would be at variance with facts. be realized; but that as free men and women they. observers. Their hearthstone was forgotten

extent does negro religion apprehend their significance which makes possible its existence is a damning blot fact that he has not shown any capacity for defensive We have already shown that the physical basis of It is well in them they are less than men and women. It is wholly without awakening vitality. for the purchase of slaves before beginning his crop-raising; and the answer then, as it ought to be now, was, "Teach them what they will have to do when they are men." Free negroes, 11; before the Civil War, 38-40; as property owners, 74. and mothers, they have neither their strength of

upon the Southern educational work. One freedman's mental attitude ceaselessly oscillates between Whence, then, comes race prejudice? have been created, and schemes concocted for superior in many respects to negro men. things, especially he needs to do,--one is to cultivate Europe, exists in the Southern rural settlements. general feeling that it would never proceed to the

has 7 negro institutions of learning; Nashville, for his own act?--that his crimes are to be

measure which does not exert a restraining influence This brief exposition of state and national duties in court was rarely other than an idle spectator. He does not identify himself with the aims and interests of the community of which he forms a part, and through such voluntary separation from his fellow-citizens he becomes an alien to the public welfare. disrepute, especially that preposterous contention for

actual and taxable property of the state. For although abashed